Year: 2026

A common assumption is that Tor behaves like a content-delivery network and automatically selects nearby relays. It does not. A Tor user in Japan is not automatically routed through Japanese relays, just as a user in Germany is not guaranteed to begin a circuit in Germany. Tor deliberately prioritizes anonymity …

Tor is a global anonymity network built on thousands of independently operated relays. Compared with the size of Japan’s Internet infrastructure, however, the country has surprisingly few public Tor relays. A recent snapshot showed roughly 76 running relays in Japan, with a combined measured relay capacity of about 2.14 Gbit/s. …

When people first learn about Tor, terms such as Bridge, Guard relay, Middle relay, and Exit relay can sound like different “levels” of the same system. That interpretation is only partly correct. These terms actually describe different roles within Tor’s network architecture. Some roles are closely related, while others exist …

When people first encounter Tor Onion Services, one detail often seems almost paradoxical: How can a server be reachable from anywhere on the Internet if users do not know its IP address? On the ordinary Internet, a public server normally has to reveal where it is. A website such as: …

When people say “the Internet,” they often imagine websites found through Google, Bing, or other search engines. In reality, the Internet contains far more information than search engines can index. A useful conceptual model is: Although this classification is simplified, it is useful for understanding why most Internet content cannot …

提到 Tor Browser，很多人的第一印象是“隐藏 IP”“匿名上网”或者所谓“暗网浏览器”。这些描述并不能算错，却远远没有解释 Tor Browser 真正特殊的地方。 Tor Browser 最重要的价值并不是简单地给浏览器套上一层代理，而是同时解决两个长期存在的隐私问题： 换句话说，Tor Browser 试图同时回答两个问题： 网站能不能知道连接来自哪里？ 以及： 即使不知道 IP，网站还能不能认出这是同一个浏览器？ 理解这两个问题，才能真正理解 Tor Browser 的隐私设计。 一、Tor Browser 并不是 Chromium 浏览器 Tor Browser 基于 Mozilla Firefox ESR（Extended Support Release），但并不是简单地在 Firefox 中安装一个 Tor 代理插件。 Tor Project 在 Firefox ESR 基础上加入了大量专门针对匿名通信、浏览器指纹、数据隔离和信息泄漏的修改，因此 Tor Browser 与普通 Firefox 在隐私模型上存在明显区别。Tor Project …